Mercatur guerrier

IDENTIFY and explain the significance of the following:

Paleo -Indians – the first Americans probably followed animal herds across Beringia to their new home in North America.

Environment– physical surroundings.

Hunter-gatherers – people who moved from place to place in search for food and edible plants.

Domestication – adaptation or control

Cultural diffusion – the process of spreading cultural practices or beliefs from one group to another.

Subsistence farming – growing just enough crops for survival.

LOCATE and explain the importance of the following.

Beringia – between Siberia and what is now Alaska. It formed when glaciers locked up so much of the world’s water that the sea level dropped by several hundred feet. This drop in sea level exposed a wide land bridge, Beringia.

The first people to arrive in America are between 12,000 and 60,000 years ago. Some archaeologists believe that when the land bridge disappeared beneath the rising waters of the Bering Straight, Asian immigrants paddled to America in skin boats or wooden dugouts or walked across the ice in winter.

2.How did the Paleo-Indians respond to the changing environment?

As the climate changed groups of Paleo-Indians slowly moved south. They spread all over the Americas. They adapted their hunting and gathering methods

3.What are the 5 themes of geography? How do they help explain historical events?

The 5 themes are location, place, human-environment interaction, movement and region. History describes the events that make up the human story from the earliest times to the present day.

The agricultural revolution lead to the rise of cities and elaborate division of labor, and the development of social classes.

The Clovis altered the culture because they were more effective against large game than earlier spear tips. It provided a reliable supply of food for the Indians.

Section 2 Review

IDENTIFY and explain the significance of the following: Mesoamerica, Olmecs, glyph, Mayas, Toltecs.

Mesoamerica – Middle America.

Olmecs- farmers practiced slash and burn agriculture.

Glyph- picture writing.

Mayas- adopted the Olmec way of life. Improved upon the Olmecs’ accomplishments. Developed an accurate calendar, developed a new form of glyph writing, and improved upon Olmec farming technique.

Toltecs- descended upon the Valley of Mexico. They built a great city-state at Tula in central Mexico.

LOCATE and explain the importance of the following: Mexico, Guatemala, tikal, Tenochtitlan, Peru, Cuzco, and Cahokia.

Mexico - an area where the agricultural revolution had first taken hold.

Guatemala- where the Mayas flourished for more than 500 years.

Tikal- the great ceremonial center located in Guatemala. It has 6 temple-pyramids and more than 3,000 other structures, and believed to be home to more than 100,000.

Tenochtitlan- built by the Aztecs as their capital, the site of present day Mexico City.

Peru - area where the Incas controlled.

Cuzco- the capital city of the Incan state. Located high in the Andes, founded in the 11^th century.

Cahokia- where the largest Mississippian settlement, near present day St. Louis. It extended six miles and contained 85 burial and temple mounds. Population rose to 40,000 by a. d. 1200.

Aztec and Incan cultures were similar in that they were both empire builders.

The was a great variety in North American cultures, in large part because of the effect the environment had on diet, housing, and social structure.

3. How do the Anasazi and Mound Builder societies provide evidence of the spread of Mesoamerican culture?

The Anasazi and Mound Builders provided evidence of the spread because their farming methods, pottery styles, and social practices show very strong Mesoamerican influences.

4. You are an archeologist investigating the possibility of prehistoric contact between the Americas and other continents. Write a brief report describing the types of evidence you might look for and how that evidence might be interpreted.

Native American artifacts have led some scholars to argue that there was early contact between the Americas and other world cultures.

5. What were the general traits of the early cultures of Mesoamerica, South America, eastern North America, and southwestern North America.

The early culture of Mesoamerica was home to some of the largest of the early cultures. They had a population that reached to 25 million. In South America, the Incas had gained control of the area. Their society was organized into strict social classes. The farmers, laborers, and artisans make up the bulk of the society. In eastern North America, the Adena and Hopewell cultures combined hunting and gathering with farming to support relatively large populations. In southwestern the Native Americans, who settled in barren hills and deserts, began to cultivate maize and other crops.

Section 3 Review

IDENTIFY and explain the significance of the following:

Feudalism- system in the middle ages in which nobles pledged military assistance and loyalty to rulers in return for land and protection.

Manor- the land a noble received. Each manor was a self -sufficient estate, which included a manor house, pastures, fields, and a village.

Serfs- those who lived on a manor, men and women bound to the land by their labors.

Crusades- series of wars, between 1096 and the late1200’s waves of Christian crusaders fought Muslims for control of the Holy Land.

Bourgeoisie- the merchants who organized trading voyages and the bankers who financed these voyages formed this, known as the middle class.

Magna Carta- a charter limiting the power of the monarch, and protecting trade.

Renaissance- a rebirth of European learning and artistic creativity.

Johannes Gutenberg- A German printer whose invention in the 1450s of a printing press that used moveable type made it possible to print a large number of books quickly.

Reconquista- an ongoing battle to recapture Spanish lands from the Moors.

LOCATE and explain the importance of the following:

Jerusalem- is known as the holy city. In the first crusade in the 11^th century Christian invaders from Europe captured Jerusalem and established several kingdoms in the area.

Portugal- Among the first to achieve national unity. Portugal won its independence from the Spanish kingdom of Castile in the 12^th century was unified under King John I in the early 1400s.

France- Among the first to achieve national unity. The various French provinces were unified under the rule of Louis XI by the time his reign ended in 1483.

England- Among the first to achieve national unity. Unified under Henry VII in 1485 after 30 years of bloody fighting.

Iberian Peninsula- controlled by Portugal, Castile, Navarre and Aragon.

1.What factors led to the rise of feudalism? What factors contributed to its decline?

The collapse of the Roman Empire and the continued threat of invasion led to the development of feudalism. Feudalism declined because of new farming technology, the rise of medieval towns, and the expansion of trade.

2. In what ways did the Crusades change political and social life in Europe?

The Crusades spurred trade, which led to the rise of the middle class and the introduction of representative government.